Overview of New Guidance
Last summer, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2022-03, “Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Fair Value Measurement of Equity Securities Subject to Contractual Sale Restrictions,” which clarifies how to determine the fair value of equity securities subject to contractual sale restrictions. Prior to its issuance, there was diversity in practice as to whether the effects of a contractual restriction that prohibits the sale of an equity security should be considered in measuring the security’s fair value.
The guidance clarifies that a contractual sale restriction, such a lock up on shares of a publicly traded company that recently completed an IPO, should not be considered in measuring fair value. It also requires entities with investments in equity securities subject to contractual sale restrictions to disclose certain qualitative and quantitative information about such securities, and it allows for early adoption of the new rules by affected entities.
Rationale
The basis for this conclusion is that a contractual restriction prohibiting the sale of an equity security is not part of the unit of account of the equity security. Under Topic 820, the unit of account when measuring an equity security is the individual equity security. An example of a contractual sale restriction is a lock-up agreement, also referred to as a “market standoff agreement,” which is a contract between underwriters and other insiders of an entity during its initial public offering that prohibits these parties from selling any of their equity securities in the entity for a stated period. In addition, an entity should not recognize and measure the contractual sale restriction as a separate unit of account.
With respect to restricted securities, the amendments in ASU 2022-03 do not change the guidance for equity securities subject to legal restrictions that prevent the securities from being sold on a national securities exchange or an over-the-counter (OTC) market until the securities are registered or deemed to be exempt from registration. A holder of equity securities subject to these legal restrictions must consider the impact of the restriction in the fair value measurement of the equity securities.
A legal restriction differs from a contractual sale restriction because any holder of the equity securities subject to such restriction is not able to access certain markets where the equity securities are sold until the securities are either registered or deemed to be exempt from registration. Therefore, unlike a contractual sale restriction, the legal restriction is a characteristic of the asset.
Practical Effect
Fair value, as defined in ASC 820, is the price that would be received either to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. When measuring the fair value of an asset, a reporting entity should consider the characteristics of the asset, including any sale restrictions, if a market participant would also take those characteristics into account when determining fair value. An important determination in identifying the characteristics of the asset is identifying the appropriate unit of account.
Prior to ASU 2022-03, reporting entities that did not reflect the contractual sale restriction in the fair value measurement of the equity security referred to ASC 820-10-35-36B, which states that certain discounts or premiums that reflect a characteristic such as the size of the reporting entity’s holding, rather than a characteristic of the asset, are not permitted in calculating the fair value measurement. Conversely, reporting entities that reflected the contractual sale restriction in the fair value measurement of the equity security pointed to an illustrative example that stated this restriction is a characteristic of the instrument that would transfer to a market participant and, therefore, should be reflected in the instrument’s fair value. ASU 2022-03 amends the illustrative example so that this example now aligns with the guidance in ASC 820-10-35-36B, thereby reducing such diversity in practice.
The amendments in ASU 2022-03 specify that a contractual sale restriction is a restriction attributable to the holding entity, not to the security itself, so the contractual sale restriction does not impact the fair value measurement of the equity security. As a result, an entity is required to measure the fair value of an equity security subject to any contractual sale restriction based on the market price of the same equity security without a contractual sale restriction (without adjusting the basis to reflect the holder’s inability to sell the equity security on the measurement date). In addition, the guidance in ASU 2022-03 clarifies that an entity should not recognize a contractual sale restriction as a separate unit of account.
Disclosure Requirements
The amendments require an entity to disclose the following information for equity securities subject to contractual sale restrictions (except for equity securities restricted from sale because they are pledged as collateral and included in other disclosures):
- Nature and remaining duration of the contractual sale restriction.
- Circumstances that could cause a lapse in the contractual sale restriction.
- Fair value of equity securities subject to contractual sale restrictions reflected on the balance sheet.
Effective Dates
For public business entities, the amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after Dec. 15, 2023, including interim periods within those fiscal years.
For all other entities, the amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after Dec. 15, 2024, including interim periods within those fiscal years.
Early adoption is permitted for both interim and annual financial statements that have not yet been issued or been made available for issuance.
| Effective date | Public business entities | All other entities |
| Annual periods – Fiscal years beginning after | December 15, 2023 | December 15, 2024 |
| Interim periods – In year of adoption? | Yes | Yes |
| Early adoption permitted? | Yes, for both interim and annual financial statements that have not yet been issued or made available for issuance. | |
Early Adoption
All entities, except investment companies within the scope of ASC 946, should apply the amendments in ASU 2022-03 on a prospective basis. Any adjustments to a security’s fair value as a result of applying the amendments should be recognized as an adjustment to current-period earnings on the date of initial application and disclosed in the notes.
Any adjustments to the fair value measurement as a result of a modification of a contractual sale restriction should be recognized as an adjustment to current-period earnings in the period when the modification occurs.
An investment company within the scope of ASC 946 should apply the amendments in ASU 2022-03 to an equity security that becomes subject to a contractual sale restriction (or to an existing contractual restriction that is modified) on or after the date of initial application. However, an investment company should continue to apply its previous measurement approach to equity securities subject to a contractual sale restriction that has been executed prior to the date of initial application, until that contractual sale restriction either expires or is modified.
An investment company that continues to apply a discount to measure the fair value of equity securities subject to a contractual sale restriction executed before adopting the amendments in ASU 2022-03, should disclose the following information until that contractual sale restriction either expires or is modified:
- Nature and remaining duration of the contractual sale restriction.
- Circumstances that could cause a lapse in the contractual sale restriction.
- Fair value of equity securities subject to contractual sale restrictions reflected on the balance sheet.
The equity securities included in these disclosures are excluded from the amounts and qualitative information disclosed for equity securities measured in accordance with the amendments in ASU 2022-03.
